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second-language (ESL) learner whose mother tongue is Mandarin. Both are non-rounded mid-vowels, but the Mandarin one is tenser and further back in the oral cavity. The low vowel /a/ is fairly similar to the English vowel [a] in father, the mid vowel /o/ to that in boat, and the back vowel /u/ to that in boot. All five vowels have contextual ...
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